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Der polnische Antiliberalismus der 1920er- und 1930er-Jahre versteckte sich in den Formen des polnischen „Patriotismus“, des klassischen „Unabhängigkeitskämpfers“, in dem Wunsch, staatliche Souveränität durch Teilföderationen mit den Nachbarländern abzusichern. Politische Eliten im Polen der Zwischenkriegszeit haben keine Alternative dazu gesehen, mit Europa anders zu sprechen als aus der Position eines „starken“ Partners. Und diese Position glaubten sie nicht durch demokratische Reformen erreichen zu können, nicht durch einen liberalen Umgang mit den Minderheiten, nicht durch bilaterale oder transnationale Zusammenarbeit, sondern durch die Wiederbelebung der Idee der multinationalen Jagiellonischen Union. Sie war ihnen als „Vorstufe“ einer europäischen Integration genug. Näher erläutert werden zwei konkurrierende Varianten der antiliberalen Grundtendenz: Roman Dmowskis nationalistischer, pro-westlicher Entwurf einer mitteleuropäischen Föderation sowie Jozef Piłsudskis autoritärer Entwurf eines slawischen Großraums zwischen Deutschland und Russland.
Northeim is a town on the Leine River situated in the hilly region of Lower Saxony between Hildesheim and Göttingen; to historians it is known as the location of William Sheridan Allen’s path-breaking study of the Nazi Machtergreifung. The book was based on a 1962 dissertation at the University of Minnesota, and Allen first published it while at the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1965. Within two years, it appeared in England and was translated into German and French. Allen had settled at the State University of New York in Buffalo by the time I read the second, revised edition (New York 1984), which I used to write this review. In the forty years since its publication, Allen’s readable history became a standard for undergraduates in North America; and his microhistory of the Machtergreifung has been replicated in most German localities. A number of American scholars in particular have followed in Allen’s footsteps: Peter Fritzsche, David Imhoof, Rudy Koshar, and others, including myself. Part of the reason for the interest of American doctoral students in German Mittelstädte is, of course, pragmatic. When one has limited time and money for a research trip abroad, it seems reasonable to select for study an ‘überschaubare’ provincial town. The peculiarities of American culture is surely another reason that historians from the United States look for the German equivalent of ‘middle America’ in what Mack Walker called ‘German home towns’.1 But in the end, German historians from many countries, including Germany, have adopted Allen’s method because close investigations of events ‘on the ground’ offer a necessary balance to modern German histories ‘writ large’.
Modeled after the Soviet propaganda magazine SSSR na stroike (›USSR in Construction‹, published 1930–1941, 1949), the Japanese overseas propaganda photo magazine FRONT (1942–1945) provided visual propaganda for the so-called ›Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere‹, a concept that was proclaimed in 1940 and served to disguise Japan’s quest for hegemony in Asia. Employing the aesthetics of Russian Constructivism and Socialist Realism of SSSR na stroike, FRONT created a visual aesthetic that could be termed Japanese Co-Prosperity Realism. Its dynamic and modernistic design was a transculturally inspired practice by Japanese photographers, graphic designers, journalists and producers of visual media, some of whom had been left-wing intellectuals or had lived and worked in the Soviet Union. In a comparative perspective, this paper carves out the political, cultural and gendered semantics of the (in)visibility of power, political religion and ethnic diversity that such aesthetics entailed. It explores some of the shifting backgrounds against which photographic techniques were enacted, from their avant-garde beginnings to their application in authoritarian regimes.