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Die Revolution von 1848/49 ist die einzige geblieben, die gesamteuropäische Dimensionen besaß. Sie erfaßte die Schweiz, Frankreich, alle deutschen Staalen, das dreigeteilte Polen (hiervor allem das preußiscl1e Großherzogtum Posen), sämtliche Landesteile der Habsburgermonarchie, neben dem heutigen Österreich mit dem Zentrum Wien vor allem 'Böhmen und Mähren' (heute Tschechien und Slowakei) sowie die ungarische Reichshälfte, die neben eiern heutigen Ungarn außerdem u. a. Slowenien, Kroatien, Serbien und Transsylvanien (das heutige Rumänien) einschloß. Von der Revolution erfaßt wurde außerdem das 'Königreich' Lombardo-Venetien, das damals gleichlalls zum österreichischen Vielvölkerstaat gehörte, Piemont-Sardinien, die (Groß-)Herzogtümer Parma, Modena und Toskana, der Kirchenstaat und nicht zuletzt das sozialökonomisch besonders rückständige Königreich der beiden Sizilien mit der Hauptstadt Neapel. Weitgehend unberührt von revolutionären Erschütterungen blieben lediglich die beiden konstitutionell-parlamentarischen Monarchien in Belgien und Groß Britannien (damals die 'fortgeschrittensten' politischen Systeme) und das zaristische Rußland, in den Augen der Zeitgenossen der „Hort der Reaktion'. In den Niederlanden und den skandinavischen Staaten kam es mehr zu Reformschüben denn zu 'echten' Revolutionen, in dem seit 1830 selbständigen Griechenland , in Irland und in Spanien nur zu kleineren, lokalen Aufständen.
“I am going out” was the last message sent by Raman Bandarenka to a Telegram chat uniting people from his neighbourhood in Minsk. In the evening of November12th, he went down to his courtyard, known by protesters as the Square of Changes. The Square of Changes appeared in Minsk in the beginning of September 2020 to support initiatives of a local community in times of political contestation. Raman went down to protect a fence decoration made from white-red-white ribbons that became a target for a group of unknown men in masks and sportive clothing. To watch over protest symbols installed in their Square of Changes became a routine action for the locals. Their neighbour, Stsiapan Latypau, was detained in September in somewhat similar circumstances: he was asking men in masks to introduce themselves and to explain their reason for destroying a graffiti, a symbol of the Square of Changes. This time, Raman was beaten up in the same courtyard, then put in a blue van, and taken to the police station. The next day he died in a hospital from the received traumas. All elements of this story – anonymous men in civic clothing who seem to have the carte blanche to brutal violence, blue vans without a registration number, write-red-white ribbons, alternative names to cities’ places, and local chats – are the symbols of the ongoing Belarusian protests.
One of the most influential anti-Semitic propaganda actions produced in the “Third Reich” in the years 1939-1941 was based on images and reports from various ghettos in occupied Poland. Large portion of the raw material required for the anti-Semitic propaganda was collected and delivered by the Propagandakompanien (PK) of the Wehrmacht. In order to analyze and understand the significance of this contribution, it is necessary to look not only at the propaganda materials, but also at the historical contexts in which they were produced. This includes organizational aspects, local conditions, general propaganda strategies and the given general and local war situation.
This article will examine the contribution of the Wehrmacht to the anti-Semitic propaganda of the “Third Reich” during three periods: The invasion of Poland, the establishment of a new order in the occupied Polish territories and the months preceding “Operation Barbarossa” in 1941. It will focus on the way PK materials were used mainly in the visual media in order to support the propaganda strategies and their subsequent goals set by the Nazi leadership.
“Humans of Damascus” – The (Other) Art of Community (Building). An Interview with Rania Kataf
(2019)
In his inspiring book “The Art of Community”, Charles H. Vogl goes through the principles of belonging: initiation, boundaries, symbols, rituals, stories, temple and inner rings. These seven time-tested principles for emerging and connected communities could be applied entirely or in part, even to groups not physically or geographically connected. In other words, to communities interacting between real and virtual world, like “Humans of Damascus”.
In October 2016, Rania Kataf created a group on Facebook, that has rapidly grown beyond the seven ancient gates of the Syrian capital. Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world, has been for its strategic position a nexus of powers and influences coming from everywhere, and left their marks on the city.
In der vergleichenden Forschung zu politischer Gewalt in Deutschland spielen Unterscheidungen, die sich auf die weltanschauliche oder strategische Ausrichtung der Gewalt beziehen, eine zentrale Rolle. Gewalt gilt als ‚politisch‘, wenn sie auf die Herstellung oder Veränderung einer gesellschaftlichen Ordnung zielt, oder in diesem Sinne gedeutet wird. Und da es sehr verschiedene politische Visionen und Utopien gibt, erscheint es wichtig, diese begrifflich voneinander abzugrenzen. Der politische Horizont der Gewaltakteure wird dabei häufig zu einem Attribut der Gewalt selbst. So ist etwa von ‚linker Gewalt‘ und ‚rechter Gewalt‘ die Rede, die von ‚sezessionistischer Gewalt‘, ‚djihadistischer Gewalt‘ oder auch ‚ökoterroristischer Gewalt‘ unterschieden wird.
In der Regel dienen diese Formulierungen dazu, den Gegenstandsbereich einzugrenzen. Sie signalisieren, dass hier das (Gewalt-)Handeln jeweils bestimmter Bewegungen untersucht wird, die sich politisch spezifischen Ideologien oder Weltsichten zuordnen lassen. Gewalt gilt als ‚rechts‘, wenn sie von Rechtsextremist:innen verübt wird oder sich in den Horizont rechtsextremistischer Weltvorstellungen einordnen lässt, nicht weil unterstellt wird, die Dynamik der Gewalt selbst weise Merkmale auf, die sie eindeutig als dem rechtsextremen Spektrum zugehörig identifizieren. In der Regel verweisen die zitierten Attribute also auf den Horizont der Gewaltakteure; selten stehen dahinter starke gewalttheoretische Thesen über den spezifischen Charakter der Gewalt der genannten Gruppen.
By the late 1970s, it was technologically possible to manufacture microcomputers – very small, stand-alone computers for personal use – in very large quantities. Selling them, however, meant creating a mass market where none existed: conventionally, only trained professionals, and a few devoted enthusiasts, interacted directly with the machines. Designers, marketers, retailers and other promoters therefore sought to build meanings into the design and presentation of computers which would connect them with new audiences. Such meanings reflected – and might themselves modify – the prevalent hopes, fears, desires and expectations of the users’ cultures.
‘Silenced Power’. Warfare Technology and the Changing Role of Sounds in Twentieth-Century Europe
(2011)
How did the technological ability to manipulate the sounds of weapons affect warfare in Europe during the twentieth century? The article first observes the role of warfare sounds in Europe prior to the First World War. The focus here is on the connection between the large-scale use of artillery and rapid-fire technologies and the development of sonic perceptions of ‘sounded power’ during the late nineteenth century. The second part discusses the introduction of ‘soundless weapons’ during the First World War. The horror of ‘silenced power’ as a force undermining the long-term tradition of ‘sounded power’ on the battlefield is exemplified by the case of gas warfare in the First World War and its long-term influence in Germany during the Weimar Republic and National Socialism. The paper points to existing gaps in research regarding the role of sound and silence on the battlefield, and further argues that although the notion of ‘silenced power’ was more prevalent in the first half of the twentieth century its potential horror could not be ignored after 1945.
Rereading a book is always an uncanny experience in multiple temporalities. If the linguistic turn has taught us anything, it is that the context of reading shapes the meaning of the text that is read. The historicist impulse to reconstruct the original context on the basis of the text itself is at best an asymptotic, at worst a quixotic, pursuit. Yet texts remain, some more so than others. Those texts which continue to be read and reread long after their original context has passed we call ‘classics’. This is a term most frequently applied to literature, of course, but also to philosophy and other scholarly works animated by a generalising impulse. It pertains to works, in other words, which lay claim to a significance transcending their original context. It is rarely applied to works whose principle value is empirical or narrowly scholarly. These are presumed to be only temporarily useful interventions into an ongoing scholarly debate, in which later works draw on and ‘supersede’ the insights of earlier ones, rendering their predecessors superfluous. (Rather the reverse of Jove and his children.) Consequently, relatively few works of historical scholarship are considered classics in the full sense. History’s emphasis on the particular, its frequent skepticism of theoretical generalisations, and its embrace of archival empiricism have all tended to preclude the emergence of a broad canon of ‘historical classics’. There have, however, been exceptions to this rule.
In the 1980s, when computers became affordable for private households, a hacker or cracking scene, which was the term used by members of this subculture, developed in several western and northwestern European countries. These (almost exclusively male) groups of adolescents ‘cracked’, copied and exchanged computer games. On the basis of magazines and published interviews with former members of this scene, this article shows how cracking became an important current in the broad spectrum of teenage subculture – with specific ethical codes and rituals of masculinity. Its members were by no means lone specialists who eschewed contact with the outside world, but rather developed their own forms of community and communication. This scene did not construe itself as a political counter-culture; it was rather part of the diversifying popular and consumer culture of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, when law enforcing agencies began to prosecute software piracy more resolutely, this computer subculture began to fade. However, it lived on in the field of computer graphics, in electronic music and in the growing IT sector.
This article investigates the little known phenomenon of tourism to the Iron Curtain, using the example of the inter-German border. The practice of traveling to the demarcation line to see where Germany and Europe were divided peaked during the mid-1960s but was already in full swing by the mid-1950s and lasted until the fall of the border in 1989. Based on archival documents, postcards and tourist guidebooks, the article analyses the growth of a tourist infrastructure on the western side of the inter-German border and situates this travel as a form of ‘dark tourism’. It argues that seeing the border and visualising the partition of the country did little for overcoming it but rather tended to underwrite the political and territorial status quo. In the Cold War battle for public opinion, seeing the border allowed West Germans and their visitors from abroad to juxtapose freedom and prosperity with captivity and decay, thus advertising the superiority of the capitalist model over its socialist other.