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Ob Unterhaltungssendungen, Spielfilme, aufbereitete Filmberichte in Nachrichtensendungen oder die Berichterstattung über internationale Sportereignisse, die über die Bildschirme flimmerten - ihre Produktion, Beschaffung, Auswahl und Sendung war vom politischen Koordinatensystem des Kalten Krieges beeinflusst. Die nationalen Femsehanstalten und internationalen Televisions-Systeme wetteiferten um wachsende Zuschauerzahlen und dienten als kulturelles Bindemittel im Kampf der Ideologien und Wertsysteme. „In a number of cases, this factor of geographical proximity has been used to beam programme directly across the borders for political purposes. The best-known example of this is in Germany where the East and East Germans conduct an elaborate, expensive form of electronic war-fare aimed at attracting each other's television audiences.“
Trotz und wegen der Blockbildung wuchsen somit spezifische Formen von Beziehungen zwischen den ost- und westeuropäischen Verbundsystemen von Femsehorganisationen, zwischen dem DDR-Femsehen und den Femsehanstalten in der Bundesrepublik, die im Folgenden aus der Sicht des DDR-Femsehens, damals als „Deutscher Fernsehfunk“ (DFF) bezeichnet, näher betrachtet werden sollen.
Picture agencies are mediators between photographers and editorial staffs; they play a crucial role in producing mass media visibility. However, their part in the system of the visual propaganda of the Nazi state is largely unexplored. This article features a controversial case, the American Associated Press and its German subsidiary. By submitting to the Schriftleitergesetz (Editorial Control Law) in 1935, the German AP GmbH (LLC) followed its German counterparts in the process of Gleichschaltung (forcible coordination). Until the United States entered the war in December 1941, AP supplied the Nazi press with American pictures. This service proved to be of particular relevance for propaganda. AP was also allowed to continue its photographic reporting in the Reich. AP pictures taken under the aegis of the Propaganda Ministry, the Wehrmacht and the SS were ubiquitous in the Nazi press. Moreover, the New York headquarters supplied the North American press with these same pictures, where they were published either as news photos or as propaganda images.
Milton Friedman hung up the phone in disgruntlement. The most influential economist of the postwar era had just called three different banks, one in Chicago and then two in New York, in order to initiate a financial transaction. He wanted to sell short $300,000 in pound sterling. Short selling is a technique for speculating on falling prices. Initially, speculators can only speculate on rising prices: they buy something and hope that it gains value, so that they can sell it at a profit. If the price for this asset goes down instead, the speculator incurs a loss when he resells it. So in order to profit from falling prices, speculators need to sell first and buy later – which is indeed possible if what is sold now is in fact only to be delivered a few weeks later. If the speculator is right and prices fall in the interim, he can buy cheap just before delivery is due and thus profit from having already sold what, at the time, he had not yet owned.
The first thesis the paper argues is that a certain collective identity emerged at the shop floor („we“, the workers as opposed to „them“, party leaders, intelligentsia, peasants, the self-employed) that was built - and declared - increasingly in opposition to the official ideology and the communist party.5 Important factors in this process were the growing economic difficulties, the party’s apparent inability to solve them and the increasing materialism people experienced in the everyday life - including party member- and leadership. From the mid-70s onwards, the workers could perceive the worsening economic situation of the country by the decrease of the real wages and the need to do overwork or take extra jobs (first in the agriculture and then in the so-called vgmk-s) to keep the former standards of living. The continuously increasing prices made the impact of the „global market“ real regardless of the stance of the Central Committee. The sharpening criticism of the system is formulated, however, not from the viewpoint of the individual but that of the worker, which suggests the existence of a collective identity. One may call it a paradox of the Communist ideology that the system, after all, was successful to develop working-class collective identities but these were built in opposition to the Communist regime and not for it. The paper will attempt to show how these „oppositionist“ identities were formulated and in what ways they are indicative of the alienation of the workers from the workers’ state.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the problem of European frontiers ceased to exist. This is because they are no longer determined by a sense of European identity, but rather by a consensus reached in Brussels. The European borderlands disappeared generations ago and were substituted by peripheries of the capitalist world-economy. It may be said that both concepts are of only academic interest. However, I am not convinced.
The fiftieth issue
(2021)
At first glance, the seventeenth year of this journal’s publication would not appear to mark any particular anniversary. And yet the present edition is quite special for the editors and the editorial team: it is the 50th issue overall. (There was a double issue in 2007, otherwise there have always been three issues each year.) This milestone is the occasion for a brief review of the original objectives and of developments thus far, as well as a (self-)critical look at what the future may bring. Scholars in the nascent field of the cultural study of periodicals have rightly observed: ›The production of periodicals is often accompanied by reflections on the value, conditions, and promise of producing periodicals.‹
How will Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine end? What kinds of political scenarios could stop the suffering and bring stability to the region? Of all the different future scenarios none is particularly encouraging. In particular, the prospect of a ›Finlandized‹ Ukraine has met with near universal rejection. Yet, ever since Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea, ›Finlandization‹ of Ukraine has been discussed as a potential solution.
My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader’s expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy’s development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.
Historians have analyzed films, novels, records, theater plays etc. primarily in reference to their meaning and reception. This article makes a case for moving the focus to the actors, structures and processes that shape symbolic objects before these are consumed. To this end, we present a framework established in US sociology to study the fabrication, distribution and evaluation of symbolic content. We discuss the production of culture perspective as an approach that appears to be particularly useful for historical research and, by reviewing selected works from the sociological literature, demonstrate how this perspective can be applied to phenomena like popular music and literary fiction. We focus on genres as bundles of conventions as one lens through which historians may analyze the creation, reproduction, evaluation and consumption of culture.
It would be easy to presume that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights had always been a symbol of opposition and dissent in the German Democratic Republic. Passed by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UDHR contained a number of provisions that contradicted the political and social order of the GDR as run by the Socialist Unity Party (SED). It demanded an independent judiciary, prohibited arbitrary arrest and invasion of privacy, and guaranteed the right to leave one’s own country. In East Germany, where the judiciary was firmly an ideological organ, the Stasi regularly conducted mass surveillance and arbitrary detention and those seeking to leave the country illegally were shot at the border, this would seem to be a document seen to be inherently hostile to SED rule. Even the social rights contained in the UDHR, in particular the right to strike, were contrary to the legal realities of East Germany where citizens could not demand rights from the state that would obstruct the will of the party.
Yet over the course of East Germany’s existence, the Universal Declaration was more likely to be invoked by the SED than by its domestic opponents. The SED came to view the Universal Declaration and the UN human rights system as a whole as an ally to the Socialist Bloc and the contents of the UDHR reflected in the achievements of socialism within the borders of the GDR. For decades this was not challenged by East Germans on a mass scale, until very suddenly in the late 1980s, human rights and the UDHR became symbols of the democratic opposition. This article will trace the trajectory of the UDHR in East German public discourse from its passage in 1948 and the reaction by the SED in the Soviet Occupied Zone, through the commemorations of the UDHR on its many anniversaries before the ultimate collapse of SED in 1989.
Mit Theatre Europe veröffentlichte das britische Spieleunternehmen Personal Software Service (PSS) 1985 ein Strategiespiel, das innerhalb Europas für Furore sorgte. Die rundenbasierte Konfliktsimulation, in der die SpielerInnen entweder die Rolle der NATO oder die des Warschauer Pakts übernehmen, konfrontierte diese mit dem virtuellen Szenario eines „heißen“ Krieges in Mitteleuropa. Ziel des Spiels war es, die Bundesrepublik 30 Tage lang zu verteidigen (NATO) oder sie in derselben Zeit einzunehmen (Warschauer Pakt). Das Ausspielen des Konflikts im Rahmen des Mediums Spiel war keine gänzlich neue Erfindung: Auch das Computerspiel Reforger ’88: NATO Defense of the Fulda Gap von 1984 oder das Brettspiel Fulda Gap hatten dasselbe Thema zum Inhalt. Beide Titel wurden aber zunächst nur in den USA veröffentlicht. Folgerichtig war Theatre Europe eines der ersten Spiele, das eine öffentliche Debatte zu diesem Thema in Westeuropa auslöste. Im Jahr 1986 startete der Verkauf des Spiels in Frankreich, und auch den deutschen SpielerInnen sollte das Produkt nicht vorenthalten werden. In der Bundesrepublik wurde das Spiel jedoch noch vor Erscheinen von der Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Schriften indiziert, sodass es keinen breiten Vertrieb fand. Erst im Jahr 2011 wurde Theatre Europe wieder vom Index genommen.
Version 1.0: Theorie ist ein genuines Element des Forschungssettings wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisarbeit. Der Begriff wird heute in verschiedenen, sich teils widersprechenden Definitionen verwendet. Mit dem jeweiligen Theorieverständnis verbunden sind Grundentscheidungen über Form und Anwendungspraxis wissenschaftlicher Methoden.
Version 2.0: Theorie ist ein genuines Element des Forschungssettings wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisarbeit. Der Begriff wird heute in verschiedenen, sich teils widersprechenden Definitionen verwendet. Mit dem jeweiligen Theorieverständnis verbunden sind Grundentscheidungen über Form und Anwendungspraxis wissenschaftlicher Methoden.
Der in der neueren historischen Forschung gern benutzte Terminus "Modernisierung" mag insofern von Nutzen sein, als sich mit seiner Hilfe recht gut der Frage nachgehen läßt, inwieweit Kontinuitäten vom "Dritten Reich" zur Bundesrepublik bestanden und in welcher Hinsicht während der Zeit der NS-Herrschaft Entwicklungen angebahnt wurden, die erst nach 1945 zum Durchbruch kamen. Falsch wäre es allerdings, den Blick ausschließlich auf die Zeit ab 1933 zu verengen: Alle entscheidenden Elemente dessen, was für die Zeit des "Dritten Reiches" als "Modernisierung" der Industriearbeit bezeichnet werden kann, hatte sich bereits in der Weimarer Republik, seit Beginn der "goldenen zwanziger Jahre" (ab 1924/25) herausgebildet.
Koyaanisqatsi is a cult American movie and a reference point for many viewers. A strong critique of modernity, a manifesto against industrialization, as well as an artist’s view of the brutality of humankind against nature, its enthralling rhythm and music, sublime images and powerful message are still striking today, 35 years after its production. And, in many respects, the movie has become a cultural landmark about the use of modern technology and the destruction of the natural landscape.
Das politische und ökonomische System in Jugoslawien unter Josip Broz Tito hat für unterschiedliche Perioden verschiedene Bedeutungen gehabt und sich in Brüchen und Zäsuren alles andere als linear entwickelt. Hannes Grandits zeigt aber auch, dass es trotz aller Wandlungen Züge des jugoslawischen Sozialismus gab, die ab einer gewissen Zeit stabil blieben und den „Titoismus” ausmachten: „Arbeiterselbstverwaltung“ in der Wirtschaft, „Brüderlichkeit und Einheit“ in der Nationalitätenpolitik und „Blockfreiheit" in der Außenpolitik“.
As much as war is about armed military conflict, it is also fundamentally about mass displacement, broken lives, and lost futures. This simple truth has become way too obvious in large parts of Poland, where providing food, clothes and shelter to strangers, and collecting donations to help refugees from neighboring Ukraine have become common practices among “ordinary” people. Much of the efforts of this grassroots mass mobilization to help those escaping their war-torn country falls on the shoulders of various parts of society, including individual activists and non-activists as well as civil society organizations.
What is perhaps less visible in this civil society mobilization and its media coverage are the efforts of migrant and minority communities that do their share in offering relief to those fleeing from Ukraine.
The debates about what to do with collections from colonial contexts, and how to deal with them, have developed pace and unexpected momentum in the last three years. This is especially true for artifacts from the African continent, whether they are in museums or collections in Europe, North America, or elsewhere outside the continent. But the same is true under different circumstances, and we do not want to pass over this, for colonial collections and museums in Africa. Let's take a closer look at both in light of recent debates.
The discussions about whether, to whom and when under which circumstances a return, or rather indeed: an unequivocal restitution is appropriate or not, have recently experienced differentiations. This applies already to the preconditions of most restitutions, namely the opening and making accessible of the inventories. While some think that in principle everything should be put online, another opinion maintains that whenever possible, the creators or original holders should have their say beforehand, especially in the case of 'sensitive' objects such as those containing human remains, of a sacred nature, or photographs of contexts of violence. This has also brought other issues into focus – questions about the various forms of rights of disposal, about the forms and functions of museums in Africa, and in Europe and elsewhere.