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„Geschichte ist oft bilderlos.“ – Damit stellt sich die Frage, wie man in der Präsentation und Vermittlung von Geschichte mit bildlichen Überlieferungslücken umgeht? Es stellt sich aber auch die Frage nach dem Umgang mit überlieferten Bildern, die aus rassistischen, diskriminierenden oder ethischen Gründen nicht oder nur unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen gezeigt werden sollten. Wie visualisiert man also Ereignisse, die nicht oder nur bedingt bildlich darstellbar sind? Diesen und weiteren Fragen ging ein dezidiert interdisziplinär ausgerichteter Workshop am Leibniz-Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung unter dem Titel „Was man nicht sieht! Perspektivwechsel durch Comics“, geleitet von Christine Bartlitz (Potsdam) und Irmgard Zündorf (Potsdam) nach.
During the first five-year plan, the Soviet state turned to an unusual source to cope with the challenge of factory-induced deafness and disability: the deaf community. From 1930 to 1937, deaf activists, alongside specialist doctors, organised a yearly, three-day event known as Beregi slukh! (Take Care of Your Hearing!) to propagandise the prevention of deafness. During these years, more than 46,600 lectures were held in venues across the Soviet Union and 7,900,000 brochures, leaflets and posters printed. While the event reflected the Soviet belief that disability was a relic of the ›backward‹ past that would be eliminated as communism approached, the deaf activists involved in these events used them to make the alternative case for their own identity as a legitimate part of the Soviet body politic. By foregrounding their labour capacities and demonstrating aspects of deaf cultural practices (including sign language) to a hearing audience, Beregi slukh! became a powerful means to advocate for the centrality of the deaf community to Soviet visions of self and society.
Während des ersten Fünfjahresplans griff der sowjetische Staat auf eine ungewöhnliche Ressource zurück, um das Problem der fabrikbedingten Taubheit und Behinderung zu bewältigen: die Gehörlosengemeinschaft. Von 1930 bis 1937 organisierten Gehörlosenaktivist:innen zusammen mit Fachärzt:innen jährlich eine dreitägige Veranstaltung mit dem Titel Beregi slukh! (»Schützen Sie Ihr Gehör!«), um für die Prävention von Gehörlosigkeit zu werben. In diesen Jahren wurden in der gesamten Sowjetunion mehr als 46.600 Vorträge gehalten sowie 7.900.000 Broschüren, Faltblätter und Poster gedruckt. Während die Veranstaltung die sowjetische Überzeugung widerspiegelte, dass Behinderung ein Relikt der »rückständigen« Vergangenheit sei und mit dem Herannahen des Kommunismus beseitigt werden würde, nutzten die gehörlosen Aktivist:innen das Ereignis, um ihre eigene Identität als legitimen Teil der sowjetischen Gesellschaft zu verteidigen. Indem sie ihre Arbeitskraft in den Vordergrund stellten und einem hörenden Publikum Aspekte ihrer kulturellen Praktiken demonstrierten (einschließlich der Gebärdensprache), wurde Beregi slukh! zu einem wirkungsvollen Mittel, um die Relevanz der Gehörlosengemeinschaft für die sowjetischen Visionen des Selbst und der Gesellschaft zu betonen.
Tanz der Vampire: Der mediale Altersdiskurs der Achtziger Jahre in der Wochenschrift DIE ZEIT
(2005)
This article investigates concepts of aging and elder people in media discourse of the 1980s in West Germany. It discusses the question whether post-modern times lead to arbitrariness, in which the knowledge of the elderly becomes fluid and gives them new freedom. Christiane Streubel identifies three main issues of the dominant discourse of old age that contradict the idea of happy postmodern times for people of age. In the debate about reforming social policy and pension insurance, pensioners are the only required elementary constituents, but passive and all-consuming at the same time. The second issue focuses on the treatment of older people, which in the 1980s was regarded as a test for the humanity and legitimacy of the political system as a whole. But even if the media try to get really close to the ordinary elderly by reporting about their everyday life, the language of discourse reveals strangeness, fear and marginalisation.
1977 schalteten Computerwissenschaftler aus Ost und West erstmals eine Datenverbindung durch den Eisernen Vorhang. Am IIASA in Laxenburg bei Wien arbeiteten sie gemeinsam an der Entwicklung grenzüberschreitender Computernetze. Verbesserte Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten sollten die internationale Forschung stimulieren und einen Forschungsverbund schaffen, der weit mehr als die am Institut ansässigen Wissenschaftler umfasste. Hinzu kam die Vorstellung, mit Hilfe elektronischer Datennetze die Gesellschaften effektiver steuern zu können. Diese Planungsutopien gehören der Vergangenheit an, die Vision der Computernetze jedoch ist mit dem Internet Realität geworden.
Technikgeschichte
(2018)
In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich die deutschsprachige Technikgeschichte inhaltlich und konzeptionell selbstbewusst präsentiert und ihre Position als eine eigenständige Disziplin des historischen Fächerkanons bekräftigt. Eike-Christian Heine und Christian Zumbrägel stellen zentrale Perspektiven, Begriffe und Theorien vor, die die Technikgeschichte im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts prägten, und benennen technikhistorische Themen, die aus zeitgeschichtlicher Perspektive besonders zukunftsträchtig erscheinen.
Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien durchdringen gegenwärtig alle Lebensbereiche. Dabei haben sich mit dem Anbruch des digitalen Zeitalters auch die Vorstellungen von Öffentlichkeit, Privatsphäre und Partizipation stark gewandelt. Techniken des „e-Governments“ steuern politische und soziale Prozesse. Computer regulieren den globalen Finanzmarktkapitalismus, berechnen (und manipulieren) Wahlergebnisse, lenken globale Kommunikationsströme, optimieren industrielle Produktions- und logistische Vertriebsprozesse und speichern überdies das Wissen von Verkehrsbetrieben, Krankenhäusern, Polizeibehörden und Geheimdiensten. Mit dieser Form der „Verdatung der Welt“ sind in den letzten Dekaden neue Wissensräume entstanden. Computer, Suchmaschinen und Datenbanken ordnen unsere moderne Welt.[1] Sie regeln den öffentlichen Raum und stecken zugleich die Sphäre des Privaten ab.
Ob Unterhaltungssendungen, Spielfilme, aufbereitete Filmberichte in Nachrichtensendungen oder die Berichterstattung über internationale Sportereignisse, die über die Bildschirme flimmerten - ihre Produktion, Beschaffung, Auswahl und Sendung war vom politischen Koordinatensystem des Kalten Krieges beeinflusst. Die nationalen Femsehanstalten und internationalen Televisions-Systeme wetteiferten um wachsende Zuschauerzahlen und dienten als kulturelles Bindemittel im Kampf der Ideologien und Wertsysteme. „In a number of cases, this factor of geographical proximity has been used to beam programme directly across the borders for political purposes. The best-known example of this is in Germany where the East and East Germans conduct an elaborate, expensive form of electronic war-fare aimed at attracting each other's television audiences.“
Trotz und wegen der Blockbildung wuchsen somit spezifische Formen von Beziehungen zwischen den ost- und westeuropäischen Verbundsystemen von Femsehorganisationen, zwischen dem DDR-Femsehen und den Femsehanstalten in der Bundesrepublik, die im Folgenden aus der Sicht des DDR-Femsehens, damals als „Deutscher Fernsehfunk“ (DFF) bezeichnet, näher betrachtet werden sollen.
Die Holocaust-Forschung hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten internationalisiert, zugleich aber auch immer stärker ausdifferenziert und spezialisiert. Dabei entstanden regelrechte Sub-Disziplinen, etwa die »Täterforschung«, und viele Forschungsergebnisse sind – auch bedingt durch mangelnde Sprachkenntnisse – selbst für Spezialisten kaum noch zu überschauen. Mit diesem Band legen wir nun eine Einführung in die verschiedenen Forschungsansätze vor und diskutieren zugleich die Frage, in welche größeren historischen Zusammenhänge der Holocaust eingeordnet werden kann bzw. muss. Dabei geht es um Kernfragen künftiger Forschung ebenso wie um grundsätzliche Probleme, die durch die Internationalisierung und Ausdifferenzierung der Forschung entstanden sind.
In the aftermath of World War II, the political and geographical isolation of the Western parts of the former German capital also cut economic hinterland ties and caused an exodus of industrial companies. In consequence, West Berlin soon became dependent on West German transfer payments to balance the city’s budget. At the same time, a system of tax preferences was created to foster private investment and employment in the isolated city. The complex of subsidies was maintained and even expanded during the following decades though its negative economic effects became obvious in the second half of the 1960s. The article focuses the conceptual significance of subsidies in industrial policy as well as their factual impact on Berlin’s economic development from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, i.e. in a period of massive structural change. It comes to the conclusion that the persistence of subsidization should be explained primarily by its symbolic political value and by a lack of alternatives.
Picture agencies are mediators between photographers and editorial staffs; they play a crucial role in producing mass media visibility. However, their part in the system of the visual propaganda of the Nazi state is largely unexplored. This article features a controversial case, the American Associated Press and its German subsidiary. By submitting to the Schriftleitergesetz (Editorial Control Law) in 1935, the German AP GmbH (LLC) followed its German counterparts in the process of Gleichschaltung (forcible coordination). Until the United States entered the war in December 1941, AP supplied the Nazi press with American pictures. This service proved to be of particular relevance for propaganda. AP was also allowed to continue its photographic reporting in the Reich. AP pictures taken under the aegis of the Propaganda Ministry, the Wehrmacht and the SS were ubiquitous in the Nazi press. Moreover, the New York headquarters supplied the North American press with these same pictures, where they were published either as news photos or as propaganda images.
Milton Friedman hung up the phone in disgruntlement. The most influential economist of the postwar era had just called three different banks, one in Chicago and then two in New York, in order to initiate a financial transaction. He wanted to sell short $300,000 in pound sterling. Short selling is a technique for speculating on falling prices. Initially, speculators can only speculate on rising prices: they buy something and hope that it gains value, so that they can sell it at a profit. If the price for this asset goes down instead, the speculator incurs a loss when he resells it. So in order to profit from falling prices, speculators need to sell first and buy later – which is indeed possible if what is sold now is in fact only to be delivered a few weeks later. If the speculator is right and prices fall in the interim, he can buy cheap just before delivery is due and thus profit from having already sold what, at the time, he had not yet owned.
The first thesis the paper argues is that a certain collective identity emerged at the shop floor („we“, the workers as opposed to „them“, party leaders, intelligentsia, peasants, the self-employed) that was built - and declared - increasingly in opposition to the official ideology and the communist party.5 Important factors in this process were the growing economic difficulties, the party’s apparent inability to solve them and the increasing materialism people experienced in the everyday life - including party member- and leadership. From the mid-70s onwards, the workers could perceive the worsening economic situation of the country by the decrease of the real wages and the need to do overwork or take extra jobs (first in the agriculture and then in the so-called vgmk-s) to keep the former standards of living. The continuously increasing prices made the impact of the „global market“ real regardless of the stance of the Central Committee. The sharpening criticism of the system is formulated, however, not from the viewpoint of the individual but that of the worker, which suggests the existence of a collective identity. One may call it a paradox of the Communist ideology that the system, after all, was successful to develop working-class collective identities but these were built in opposition to the Communist regime and not for it. The paper will attempt to show how these „oppositionist“ identities were formulated and in what ways they are indicative of the alienation of the workers from the workers’ state.
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the problem of European frontiers ceased to exist. This is because they are no longer determined by a sense of European identity, but rather by a consensus reached in Brussels. The European borderlands disappeared generations ago and were substituted by peripheries of the capitalist world-economy. It may be said that both concepts are of only academic interest. However, I am not convinced.
The fiftieth issue
(2021)
At first glance, the seventeenth year of this journal’s publication would not appear to mark any particular anniversary. And yet the present edition is quite special for the editors and the editorial team: it is the 50th issue overall. (There was a double issue in 2007, otherwise there have always been three issues each year.) This milestone is the occasion for a brief review of the original objectives and of developments thus far, as well as a (self-)critical look at what the future may bring. Scholars in the nascent field of the cultural study of periodicals have rightly observed: ›The production of periodicals is often accompanied by reflections on the value, conditions, and promise of producing periodicals.‹
How will Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine end? What kinds of political scenarios could stop the suffering and bring stability to the region? Of all the different future scenarios none is particularly encouraging. In particular, the prospect of a ›Finlandized‹ Ukraine has met with near universal rejection. Yet, ever since Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea, ›Finlandization‹ of Ukraine has been discussed as a potential solution.
The Holocaust and Genocide
(2004)
How does the Holocaust relate to genocide as a concept and an event? This question has caused considerable controversy because scholarly discourse and identity politics cannot be separated neatly. While the term 'genocide' was coined during the Second World War and enshrined in International law in 1948, the Holocaust as a specifically Jewish tragedy did not become an object of consciousness until almost two decades later. Ever since, those highlighting a distinctive experience for European Jewry have sought to separate it from that of other victims of the Nazis as well as other cases of ethnic and racial extermination.
Among Soviet historians it has become a kind of truism that the Soviet Union was in a permanent state of contradictions and that Soviet society adopted to these contradictions with a variety of survival mechanisms that ranged from ignoring contradictions to circumventing their challenges. One of the most significant contradictions was the tension between the Soviet Union’s self-declared anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism and the fact that it asserted its own imperial and colonial structures, especially in the post-WW II period. Many more qualified people have written on this and debated which of the two elements should be considered primary or how one should characterize the resulting entity. I shall try to address a different question here: What does and did empire mean to Russians, especially vis-à-vis Ukraine?
My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader’s expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy’s development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.
Historians have analyzed films, novels, records, theater plays etc. primarily in reference to their meaning and reception. This article makes a case for moving the focus to the actors, structures and processes that shape symbolic objects before these are consumed. To this end, we present a framework established in US sociology to study the fabrication, distribution and evaluation of symbolic content. We discuss the production of culture perspective as an approach that appears to be particularly useful for historical research and, by reviewing selected works from the sociological literature, demonstrate how this perspective can be applied to phenomena like popular music and literary fiction. We focus on genres as bundles of conventions as one lens through which historians may analyze the creation, reproduction, evaluation and consumption of culture.