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Among Soviet historians it has become a kind of truism that the Soviet Union was in a permanent state of contradictions and that Soviet society adopted to these contradictions with a variety of survival mechanisms that ranged from ignoring contradictions to circumventing their challenges. One of the most significant contradictions was the tension between the Soviet Union’s self-declared anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism and the fact that it asserted its own imperial and colonial structures, especially in the post-WW II period. Many more qualified people have written on this and debated which of the two elements should be considered primary or how one should characterize the resulting entity. I shall try to address a different question here: What does and did empire mean to Russians, especially vis-à-vis Ukraine?
How will Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine end? What kinds of political scenarios could stop the suffering and bring stability to the region? Of all the different future scenarios none is particularly encouraging. In particular, the prospect of a ›Finlandized‹ Ukraine has met with near universal rejection. Yet, ever since Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea, ›Finlandization‹ of Ukraine has been discussed as a potential solution.
The fiftieth issue
(2021)
At first glance, the seventeenth year of this journal’s publication would not appear to mark any particular anniversary. And yet the present edition is quite special for the editors and the editorial team: it is the 50th issue overall. (There was a double issue in 2007, otherwise there have always been three issues each year.) This milestone is the occasion for a brief review of the original objectives and of developments thus far, as well as a (self-)critical look at what the future may bring. Scholars in the nascent field of the cultural study of periodicals have rightly observed: ›The production of periodicals is often accompanied by reflections on the value, conditions, and promise of producing periodicals.‹
At the beginning of the twenty-first century the problem of European frontiers ceased to exist. This is because they are no longer determined by a sense of European identity, but rather by a consensus reached in Brussels. The European borderlands disappeared generations ago and were substituted by peripheries of the capitalist world-economy. It may be said that both concepts are of only academic interest. However, I am not convinced.
The first thesis the paper argues is that a certain collective identity emerged at the shop floor („we“, the workers as opposed to „them“, party leaders, intelligentsia, peasants, the self-employed) that was built - and declared - increasingly in opposition to the official ideology and the communist party.5 Important factors in this process were the growing economic difficulties, the party’s apparent inability to solve them and the increasing materialism people experienced in the everyday life - including party member- and leadership. From the mid-70s onwards, the workers could perceive the worsening economic situation of the country by the decrease of the real wages and the need to do overwork or take extra jobs (first in the agriculture and then in the so-called vgmk-s) to keep the former standards of living. The continuously increasing prices made the impact of the „global market“ real regardless of the stance of the Central Committee. The sharpening criticism of the system is formulated, however, not from the viewpoint of the individual but that of the worker, which suggests the existence of a collective identity. One may call it a paradox of the Communist ideology that the system, after all, was successful to develop working-class collective identities but these were built in opposition to the Communist regime and not for it. The paper will attempt to show how these „oppositionist“ identities were formulated and in what ways they are indicative of the alienation of the workers from the workers’ state.
Milton Friedman hung up the phone in disgruntlement. The most influential economist of the postwar era had just called three different banks, one in Chicago and then two in New York, in order to initiate a financial transaction. He wanted to sell short $300,000 in pound sterling. Short selling is a technique for speculating on falling prices. Initially, speculators can only speculate on rising prices: they buy something and hope that it gains value, so that they can sell it at a profit. If the price for this asset goes down instead, the speculator incurs a loss when he resells it. So in order to profit from falling prices, speculators need to sell first and buy later – which is indeed possible if what is sold now is in fact only to be delivered a few weeks later. If the speculator is right and prices fall in the interim, he can buy cheap just before delivery is due and thus profit from having already sold what, at the time, he had not yet owned.
Picture agencies are mediators between photographers and editorial staffs; they play a crucial role in producing mass media visibility. However, their part in the system of the visual propaganda of the Nazi state is largely unexplored. This article features a controversial case, the American Associated Press and its German subsidiary. By submitting to the Schriftleitergesetz (Editorial Control Law) in 1935, the German AP GmbH (LLC) followed its German counterparts in the process of Gleichschaltung (forcible coordination). Until the United States entered the war in December 1941, AP supplied the Nazi press with American pictures. This service proved to be of particular relevance for propaganda. AP was also allowed to continue its photographic reporting in the Reich. AP pictures taken under the aegis of the Propaganda Ministry, the Wehrmacht and the SS were ubiquitous in the Nazi press. Moreover, the New York headquarters supplied the North American press with these same pictures, where they were published either as news photos or as propaganda images.
Ob Unterhaltungssendungen, Spielfilme, aufbereitete Filmberichte in Nachrichtensendungen oder die Berichterstattung über internationale Sportereignisse, die über die Bildschirme flimmerten - ihre Produktion, Beschaffung, Auswahl und Sendung war vom politischen Koordinatensystem des Kalten Krieges beeinflusst. Die nationalen Femsehanstalten und internationalen Televisions-Systeme wetteiferten um wachsende Zuschauerzahlen und dienten als kulturelles Bindemittel im Kampf der Ideologien und Wertsysteme. „In a number of cases, this factor of geographical proximity has been used to beam programme directly across the borders for political purposes. The best-known example of this is in Germany where the East and East Germans conduct an elaborate, expensive form of electronic war-fare aimed at attracting each other's television audiences.“
Trotz und wegen der Blockbildung wuchsen somit spezifische Formen von Beziehungen zwischen den ost- und westeuropäischen Verbundsystemen von Femsehorganisationen, zwischen dem DDR-Femsehen und den Femsehanstalten in der Bundesrepublik, die im Folgenden aus der Sicht des DDR-Femsehens, damals als „Deutscher Fernsehfunk“ (DFF) bezeichnet, näher betrachtet werden sollen.
Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien durchdringen gegenwärtig alle Lebensbereiche. Dabei haben sich mit dem Anbruch des digitalen Zeitalters auch die Vorstellungen von Öffentlichkeit, Privatsphäre und Partizipation stark gewandelt. Techniken des „e-Governments“ steuern politische und soziale Prozesse. Computer regulieren den globalen Finanzmarktkapitalismus, berechnen (und manipulieren) Wahlergebnisse, lenken globale Kommunikationsströme, optimieren industrielle Produktions- und logistische Vertriebsprozesse und speichern überdies das Wissen von Verkehrsbetrieben, Krankenhäusern, Polizeibehörden und Geheimdiensten. Mit dieser Form der „Verdatung der Welt“ sind in den letzten Dekaden neue Wissensräume entstanden. Computer, Suchmaschinen und Datenbanken ordnen unsere moderne Welt.[1] Sie regeln den öffentlichen Raum und stecken zugleich die Sphäre des Privaten ab.