ohne regionalen Schwerpunkt
Milton Friedman hung up the phone in disgruntlement. The most influential economist of the postwar era had just called three different banks, one in Chicago and then two in New York, in order to initiate a financial transaction. He wanted to sell short $300,000 in pound sterling. Short selling is a technique for speculating on falling prices. Initially, speculators can only speculate on rising prices: they buy something and hope that it gains value, so that they can sell it at a profit. If the price for this asset goes down instead, the speculator incurs a loss when he resells it. So in order to profit from falling prices, speculators need to sell first and buy later – which is indeed possible if what is sold now is in fact only to be delivered a few weeks later. If the speculator is right and prices fall in the interim, he can buy cheap just before delivery is due and thus profit from having already sold what, at the time, he had not yet owned.
Marketization is a broad term with a wide range of meanings. It encompasses measures of deregulation and privatization as well as the perceived increase of an ›economic‹ logic in social relationships. For historical purposes, the term should not be narrowly defined, and nor should the concept of marketization be used in an ahistorical manner detached from contemporary usage. However, there are two questions which the historical analysis of marketization needs to address. First, what is the conceptual understanding of the market mechanism to which the term marketization is linked? Second, what is the relationship between marketization and economic theory?
Theory matters. Most historians would probably agree with this postulate, in the sense that theories from disciplines such as sociology, economics or psychology can sharpen historical analyses of any topic (though many of them may prefer quite pragmatic, common-sense approaches in their own empirical studies). But when it comes to a historical understanding of a phenomenon like marketization, theory does remain an analytical resource – and at the same time turns into a multifaceted object of research. The way we think about markets is highly affected by theorists, and not only by their ideas but also by their effectiveness in making them influential over specific periods of time.
Kommerzielle Bildanbieter entledigen sich zunehmend ihrer analogen Fotoarchive. Dabei geht es nicht selten um Millionen von Fotografien. Angesichts dieser Entwicklung stellt sich die Frage, wie es bei solchen Anbietern um die Wertschätzung ihres analogen Fotoerbes steht. Die Antwort scheint entsprechend einfach zu sein: Solche Bestände werden gering geschätzt. Die Fotoarchive werden abgegeben oder gar vernichtet, weil sie für ihre Besitzer mehr Verlust als Profit einbringen. In manchen Fällen übernehmen öffentliche Gedächtnisinstitutionen wie Archive, Museen und Bibliotheken die Bestände und widmen sie von Gebrauchs- zu historischen Fotoarchiven um. Dies hat im Zusammenspiel mit der allgemeinen Digitalisierung der Fotografie das Bewusstsein für die Historizität alter Pressefotografien und damit für ihren kulturellen sowie wissenschaftlichen Wert geschärft. Die einst massenhaft für den Verkauf hergestellten Gebrauchsbilder gelten heute als zeithistorische Dokumente. In der medialen Öffentlichkeit wird vollmundig vom »visuellen« oder vom »fotografischen« Gedächtnis eines ganzen Landes geschrieben.