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The American evangelist Billy Graham held several revival meetings – so-called crusades – in West Germany in the 1950s and 1960s. Many thousands of Germans came to hear him. This article explores the reasons for Graham’s success in the Federal Republic in the context of a transatlantic religious and cultural history. Graham’s campaigns were embedded in the discourse of rechristianization and secularization after the end of the Second World War. Leading Protestant bishops such as Otto Dibelius and Hanns Lilje supported him. Furthermore, Graham’s campaigns played an important role in the West German culture of the Cold War as political stagings of the Free World consensus. In addition, the orchestration of the crusades reconciled religion and consumerism. Billy Graham’s crusades are a prism through which to explore important modernization processes in German Protestantism in the first two decades of the Federal Republic.
1967 rückte der Palästinakonflikt in den Fokus der politischen Arbeit des Sozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbundes (SDS), der diesen Konflikt im Zusammenhang mit den Befreiungsbewegungen der sogenannten Dritten Welt deutete. Politischen Zuspruch erhielt der SDS von palästinensischen wie auch israelischen Studentengruppen, die in Frankfurt am Main ihr Wirkungszentrum hatten. Diese sich als antizionistisch verstehenden Akteure fanden in dem ebenfalls in Frankfurt sitzenden Bundesverband Jüdischer Studenten in Deutschland (BJSD) einen Kontrahenten. Die Präsenz dieser zentralen Protagonisten transformierte das studentische Milieu im Frankfurter Westend zum bundesrepublikanischen Nukleus eines Deutungskampfes um die Geschehnisse im Nahen Osten. Eine sabotierte Veranstaltung mit dem israelischen Botschafter Asher Ben-Natan im Frankfurter Hörsaal VI am 9. Juni 1969 dient dem Aufsatz als Beispiel, um diesen Konflikt zu historisieren. Neben schriftlichen Quellen stützt sich der Beitrag auf Bildmaterial des Frankfurter Fotografen Kurt Weiner.
In the aftermath of World War II, the political and geographical isolation of the Western parts of the former German capital also cut economic hinterland ties and caused an exodus of industrial companies. In consequence, West Berlin soon became dependent on West German transfer payments to balance the city’s budget. At the same time, a system of tax preferences was created to foster private investment and employment in the isolated city. The complex of subsidies was maintained and even expanded during the following decades though its negative economic effects became obvious in the second half of the 1960s. The article focuses the conceptual significance of subsidies in industrial policy as well as their factual impact on Berlin’s economic development from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, i.e. in a period of massive structural change. It comes to the conclusion that the persistence of subsidization should be explained primarily by its symbolic political value and by a lack of alternatives.