1960er
In 1967, an exhibition opened in East Berlin that proposed, through an overload of images, to unite the histories of the Soviet Union and the GDR, and to confront international photography exhibitions produced in the United States and West Germany. More than the design principles and methods of this show, entitled Vom Glück des Menschen or On the Happiness of People, directly connect it with Edward Steichen’s The Family of Man exhibition, first presented at MoMA in New York in 1953. Its original title was in fact The Socialist Family of Man, and its designers addressed Steichen’s show directly with a scathing critique that echoes the critical discourse in general around The Family of Man. Ultimately, and despite the acknowledged relationship of the exhibition to its Western model, Vom Glück des Menschen also departed from it, crafting a narrative through photographs specifically designed for a socialist society under construction.
»What was it that converted capitalism from the cataclysmic failure which it appeared to be in the 1930s into the great engine of prosperity of the post war Western world?« (S. 3) Das ist die Leitfrage von Andrew Shonfields vor 50 Jahren erschienenem Buch über den »modernen Kapitalismus« der 1960er-Jahre. Wie konnte es zu dem »Goldenen Zeitalter« (Eric Hobsbawm), also der fast drei Jahrzehnte andauernden Nachkriegsprosperität kommen, nachdem der Kapitalismus im Zuge der Großen Depression abgewirtschaftet zu haben schien und sich eine breite ordnungspolitische Debatte um alternative Wirtschaftsformen entwickelt hatte?
In the aftermath of World War II, the political and geographical isolation of the Western parts of the former German capital also cut economic hinterland ties and caused an exodus of industrial companies. In consequence, West Berlin soon became dependent on West German transfer payments to balance the city’s budget. At the same time, a system of tax preferences was created to foster private investment and employment in the isolated city. The complex of subsidies was maintained and even expanded during the following decades though its negative economic effects became obvious in the second half of the 1960s. The article focuses the conceptual significance of subsidies in industrial policy as well as their factual impact on Berlin’s economic development from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, i.e. in a period of massive structural change. It comes to the conclusion that the persistence of subsidization should be explained primarily by its symbolic political value and by a lack of alternatives.