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This article builds on the writing of former asylum inmates in the United States to analyze life on asylum wards between 1890 and 1950. Although published accounts of inmates’ experiences in American asylums have their own limitations as primary sources, they are nevertheless very revealing not only of the day-to-day life of institution inmates, but also of the ways in which former asylum inmates made sense of their experiences. The article relies upon insights from Disability Studies and Mad Studies to analyze life on the wards, work and socialization, relations among inmates, clandestine communication channels, and the formation of informal support groups, such as ›suicide clubs‹ in institutions. ›Mad writers‹ were almost equally women and men. They were white, and often well educated. They used the social and economic advantages that many of them had to create a public space from which they could critique the United States’ burgeoning asylum system. These accounts also laid the groundwork for later twentieth-century mad people’s movements.
Die DDR verstand die gesellschaftliche Rehabilitation von Menschen mit körperlichen Beeinträchtigungen als sozialstaatliche Aufgabe. Während die Integration in die Arbeitswelt vergleichsweise gut erforscht ist, sind zu den Bereichen Wohnen und Mobilität noch viele Fragen offen. Welche Maßnahmen ergriff der Staat, um körperlich eingeschränkte Menschen in diesen Bereichen zu fördern? Welche Rolle spielten hierbei Kreisärzte und Stadtarchitekten? Welche Ergebnisse wurden in der Praxis erzielt? Erkennbar war vor allem seit Mitte der 1970er-Jahre das staatliche Bemühen, den Betroffenen mit Hilfsmitteln und Baumaßnahmen die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu ermöglichen. Doch die begrenzten Ressourcen und die planwirtschaftlichen Strukturen des SED-Staates erschwerten dies. Zudem konnte der Abbau materieller Hürden neue Barrieren hervorrufen – etwa in Fußgängerzonen. Betroffene entwickelten deshalb eigene, durchaus erfolgreiche Initiativen. Anhand von Beispielen aus Karl-Marx-Stadt, Halle an der Saale und Greifswald bietet der Aufsatz Einblicke in einen Alltag von Menschen mit Behinderungen, der von Ambivalenzen und Handlungsspielräumen ebenso geprägt war wie von Beschränkungen seitens staatlicher Stellen.
During the first five-year plan, the Soviet state turned to an unusual source to cope with the challenge of factory-induced deafness and disability: the deaf community. From 1930 to 1937, deaf activists, alongside specialist doctors, organised a yearly, three-day event known as Beregi slukh! (Take Care of Your Hearing!) to propagandise the prevention of deafness. During these years, more than 46,600 lectures were held in venues across the Soviet Union and 7,900,000 brochures, leaflets and posters printed. While the event reflected the Soviet belief that disability was a relic of the ›backward‹ past that would be eliminated as communism approached, the deaf activists involved in these events used them to make the alternative case for their own identity as a legitimate part of the Soviet body politic. By foregrounding their labour capacities and demonstrating aspects of deaf cultural practices (including sign language) to a hearing audience, Beregi slukh! became a powerful means to advocate for the centrality of the deaf community to Soviet visions of self and society.