Mittel-/Osteuropa
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Die Gedenkstätte Theresienstadt wurde im Jahre 1947 als eine Einrichtung gegründet, die die Erinnerung an die Opfer der politischen Verfolgung der Gegner des Nationalsozialismus, des Genozids an den Juden und die Vernichtung von Häftlingen durch Sklavenarbeit bewahren sollte. Es ist notwendig darauf hinzuweisen, daß während des Krieges in Theresienstadt und seiner näheren Umgebung auf relativ kleinem Raum die drei größten Verfolgungsinstitutionen auf dem Gebiet der tschechischen Länder entstanden - das Gestapogefängnis in der Kleinen Festung, das Ghetto in Theresienstadt und das Konzentrationslager in Litomence, welches sich unweit der unterirdischen Fabrik mit den Tamnamen „Richard I“ und „Richard II“ befand. Als Standort für die Gedenkstätte wählte man die Kleine Festung, um diesen abgegrenzten Ort, an dem tausende Menschen gefangen waren, in seiner ursprünglichen Gestalt zu erhalten.
The first thesis the paper argues is that a certain collective identity emerged at the shop floor („we“, the workers as opposed to „them“, party leaders, intelligentsia, peasants, the self-employed) that was built - and declared - increasingly in opposition to the official ideology and the communist party.5 Important factors in this process were the growing economic difficulties, the party’s apparent inability to solve them and the increasing materialism people experienced in the everyday life - including party member- and leadership. From the mid-70s onwards, the workers could perceive the worsening economic situation of the country by the decrease of the real wages and the need to do overwork or take extra jobs (first in the agriculture and then in the so-called vgmk-s) to keep the former standards of living. The continuously increasing prices made the impact of the „global market“ real regardless of the stance of the Central Committee. The sharpening criticism of the system is formulated, however, not from the viewpoint of the individual but that of the worker, which suggests the existence of a collective identity. One may call it a paradox of the Communist ideology that the system, after all, was successful to develop working-class collective identities but these were built in opposition to the Communist regime and not for it. The paper will attempt to show how these „oppositionist“ identities were formulated and in what ways they are indicative of the alienation of the workers from the workers’ state.