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Wie reagieren Menschen auf Katastrophen? Wie lassen sich Bevölkerungen in Extremsituationen führen? Mit diesen Fragen beschäftigten sich in den 1950er-, 1960er- und 1970er-Jahren mehrere US-amerikanische, teilweise durch die Armee finanzierte Forschungsgruppen. Sie waren interdisziplinär zusammengesetzt, aber mehrheitlich soziologisch ausgerichtet. Innerhalb wie außerhalb der USA studierten sie das Stressverhalten von Individuen und Gruppen in Tornados, eingeschneiten Autobahnraststätten und »racial riots« sowie ergänzend in Laborsimulationen. Anhand zeitgenössischer Publikationen und interner Akten werden in diesem Aufsatz die Erkenntnisinteressen und Untersuchungsfelder der sozialwissenschaftlichen Katastrophenforschung, ihre Befunde und deren Nutzung dargestellt. Die Tätigkeit der Wissenschaftler/innen stand im Kontext des Kalten Kriegs und eines sich verschiebenden Gefahrensinns. Dabei ließen sich die Forscher/innen keineswegs vollständig politisch vereinnahmen, sondern verfolgten durchaus eigene Interessen und gaben mitunter Antworten, die den Intentionen der Auftraggeber zuwiderliefen.
Die Holocaust-Forschung hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten internationalisiert, zugleich aber auch immer stärker ausdifferenziert und spezialisiert. Dabei entstanden regelrechte Sub-Disziplinen, etwa die »Täterforschung«, und viele Forschungsergebnisse sind – auch bedingt durch mangelnde Sprachkenntnisse – selbst für Spezialisten kaum noch zu überschauen. Mit diesem Band legen wir nun eine Einführung in die verschiedenen Forschungsansätze vor und diskutieren zugleich die Frage, in welche größeren historischen Zusammenhänge der Holocaust eingeordnet werden kann bzw. muss. Dabei geht es um Kernfragen künftiger Forschung ebenso wie um grundsätzliche Probleme, die durch die Internationalisierung und Ausdifferenzierung der Forschung entstanden sind.
Picture agencies are mediators between photographers and editorial staffs; they play a crucial role in producing mass media visibility. However, their part in the system of the visual propaganda of the Nazi state is largely unexplored. This article features a controversial case, the American Associated Press and its German subsidiary. By submitting to the Schriftleitergesetz (Editorial Control Law) in 1935, the German AP GmbH (LLC) followed its German counterparts in the process of Gleichschaltung (forcible coordination). Until the United States entered the war in December 1941, AP supplied the Nazi press with American pictures. This service proved to be of particular relevance for propaganda. AP was also allowed to continue its photographic reporting in the Reich. AP pictures taken under the aegis of the Propaganda Ministry, the Wehrmacht and the SS were ubiquitous in the Nazi press. Moreover, the New York headquarters supplied the North American press with these same pictures, where they were published either as news photos or as propaganda images.
How will Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine end? What kinds of political scenarios could stop the suffering and bring stability to the region? Of all the different future scenarios none is particularly encouraging. In particular, the prospect of a ›Finlandized‹ Ukraine has met with near universal rejection. Yet, ever since Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimea, ›Finlandization‹ of Ukraine has been discussed as a potential solution.
The Language of Eichmann in Jerusalem. Nazi German and Other Forms of German in the 1961 Trial
(2024)
The Eichmann trial granted the German language a degree of audibility unprecedented in the short history of the State of Israel, with the defendant, the judges, prosecutors, and witnesses frequently resorting to speaking in German. Drawing on archival materials, protocols, footage, and press reports, this article shows how the Eichmann trial brought to the surface several historical tensions around the postwar status of the German language. The various forms of German heard in the courtroom challenged notions of German as a Nazi language and contributed to a gradual mitigation of its status as a tainted language. The article concludes by reassessing Hannah Arendt’s 1963 Eichmann in Jerusalem and specifically her postulate that Eichmann’s language faithfully reflected his mindset. It is argued that Arendt’s understanding of Eichmann’s language echoed prewar ideas on German’s distinctive power.
My Road to Berlin, or Mein Weg nach Berlin, presents a Willy Brandt that confounds a present-day reader’s expectations. While the 1960 autobiography of the then-mayor of West Berlin links his career with the familiar story of democracy’s development in Germany, this work nevertheless retains an unexpected edge. In one surprising scene, the mayor denounces his East Berlin SED counterparts as a ›Communist foreign legion‹ whom ›the citizens of my city had decisively defeated‹ during the Second Berlin Crisis of 1958 (p. 17). In the book, Brandt comes off as a Cold Warrior of steely determination rather than a Brückenbauer bridging ideological divides. Far from being out of character, however, My Road to Berlin captures Brandt at a pivotal moment in his career, when he sought to offer himself to both West German voters and a global public as a viable alternative to Konrad Adenauer.
This article explores the connection between genocide, language and language consciousness by tracing the strange biography of one Yiddish neologism: shabreven. During the Holocaust, the word came to mean both ›looting‹ and ›taking ownerless property‹. It stoked moral and etymological debate among Yiddish speakers in the Warsaw ghetto, while also occupying a prominent position in postwar Polish and Zionist discourses. The term shifted between different semantic, ethical and cultural fields, navigating a delicate balance between various meanings and norms. The discussions around this term help to shed light on key questions: What were the motivations for the study of Holocaust Yiddish neologisms? How did this early postwar Yiddish philological discourse differ from its parallel in German? Shabreven became both a symbol of the genocidal collapse of language and a tool for regaining victim agency in speech.
Koyaanisqatsi is a cult American movie and a reference point for many viewers. A strong critique of modernity, a manifesto against industrialization, as well as an artist’s view of the brutality of humankind against nature, its enthralling rhythm and music, sublime images and powerful message are still striking today, 35 years after its production. And, in many respects, the movie has become a cultural landmark about the use of modern technology and the destruction of the natural landscape.
Von der zeithistorischen Forschung wurde die Tourismusgeschichte bislang eher stiefmütterlich behandelt, obwohl der Tourismus insbesondere ein wirtschaftlich höchst relevantes Phänomen ist. Unser Autor Rüdiger Hachtmann geht in seinem Beitrag dem vielschichtigen Phänomen „Tourismus” als Begriff und Forschungsgegenstand nach und behandelt die verschiedenen Formen und Phasen des modernen Tourismus. Außerdem diskutiert er die wichtigsten Vorschläge zu einer Theorie des Tourismus und benennt die methodischen Probleme, die seiner historischen Aufarbeitung im Wege stehen.