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Guerrilla Mothers and Distant Doubles: West German Feminists Look at China and Vietnam, 1968–1982
(2015)
Communist China and Vietnam looked like the future to many West German feminists in the years after 1968. This article reconstructs a lost history of influence, identification and emulation, tracing some of the ways that Chinese and Vietnamese communism inspired and attracted West German feminists from the late 1960s to the early 1980s. Beginning in a spirit of socialist universalism, West German feminists drew on reports of the experience of East Asian women who they felt lived in the ›liberated zones‹ of post-revolutionary society. Like the French radicals who declared that ›Vietnam is in our factories‹, West German feminists created a global framework for their activism. Looking east, they borrowed or adopted models of consciousness-raising and direct action from China and Vietnam. This article tracks the arc of exchange, from the enthusiasm of the late 1960s and 1970s to the West German feminist disenchantment with both East Asian communism and the global South by the early 1980s.
»What was it that converted capitalism from the cataclysmic failure which it appeared to be in the 1930s into the great engine of prosperity of the post war Western world?« (S. 3) Das ist die Leitfrage von Andrew Shonfields vor 50 Jahren erschienenem Buch über den »modernen Kapitalismus« der 1960er-Jahre. Wie konnte es zu dem »Goldenen Zeitalter« (Eric Hobsbawm), also der fast drei Jahrzehnte andauernden Nachkriegsprosperität kommen, nachdem der Kapitalismus im Zuge der Großen Depression abgewirtschaftet zu haben schien und sich eine breite ordnungspolitische Debatte um alternative Wirtschaftsformen entwickelt hatte?
Eine Verbindung der Themenfelder »Fotografie« und »Diktatur«[1] führt schnell dazu, dass »Bildpropaganda« als gemeinsamer Nenner ins Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit rückt. Mit Blick auf die bereits geleistete Forschung gilt dies jedenfalls für die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus und des Stalinismus, die in dieser Hinsicht besser erforscht sind als verschiedene Diktaturen im Süden oder außerhalb Europas. Wenngleich Fotografie in Diktaturen zweifellos für propagandistische Zwecke eingespannt wurde, so erscheint eine Konzentration auf diese Form der Funktionalisierung des Mediums in vielerlei Hinsicht doch problematisch.
Modeled after the Soviet propaganda magazine SSSR na stroike (›USSR in Construction‹, published 1930–1941, 1949), the Japanese overseas propaganda photo magazine FRONT (1942–1945) provided visual propaganda for the so-called ›Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere‹, a concept that was proclaimed in 1940 and served to disguise Japan’s quest for hegemony in Asia. Employing the aesthetics of Russian Constructivism and Socialist Realism of SSSR na stroike, FRONT created a visual aesthetic that could be termed Japanese Co-Prosperity Realism. Its dynamic and modernistic design was a transculturally inspired practice by Japanese photographers, graphic designers, journalists and producers of visual media, some of whom had been left-wing intellectuals or had lived and worked in the Soviet Union. In a comparative perspective, this paper carves out the political, cultural and gendered semantics of the (in)visibility of power, political religion and ethnic diversity that such aesthetics entailed. It explores some of the shifting backgrounds against which photographic techniques were enacted, from their avant-garde beginnings to their application in authoritarian regimes.