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Kurz nach dem Zusammenbruch des Staatssozialismus hielt der Frankfurter Philosoph Jürgen Habermas fest, der theoretische Fehler der gescheiterten kommunistischen Machthaber habe darin bestanden, das „sozialistische Projekt mit dem Entwurf - und der gewaltsamen Durchsetzung - einer konkreten Lebensform“ verwechselt zu haben. Für diejenigen Historiker, die sich bereits vor 1989/90 eingehender mit der Geschichte der DDR und deren Herrschaftssystem befasst hatten, lagen die Dinge allerdings schon damals komplizierter, und auch heute - achtzehn Jahre nach dem unerwarteten Verschwinden der DDR - ist weiterhin umstritten, wann der schleichende Niedergang des Systems begann und wann es seinen ultimativen „point of no return“ erreichte.
Rereading a book is always an uncanny experience in multiple temporalities. If the linguistic turn has taught us anything, it is that the context of reading shapes the meaning of the text that is read. The historicist impulse to reconstruct the original context on the basis of the text itself is at best an asymptotic, at worst a quixotic, pursuit. Yet texts remain, some more so than others. Those texts which continue to be read and reread long after their original context has passed we call ‘classics’. This is a term most frequently applied to literature, of course, but also to philosophy and other scholarly works animated by a generalising impulse. It pertains to works, in other words, which lay claim to a significance transcending their original context. It is rarely applied to works whose principle value is empirical or narrowly scholarly. These are presumed to be only temporarily useful interventions into an ongoing scholarly debate, in which later works draw on and ‘supersede’ the insights of earlier ones, rendering their predecessors superfluous. (Rather the reverse of Jove and his children.) Consequently, relatively few works of historical scholarship are considered classics in the full sense. History’s emphasis on the particular, its frequent skepticism of theoretical generalisations, and its embrace of archival empiricism have all tended to preclude the emergence of a broad canon of ‘historical classics’. There have, however, been exceptions to this rule.