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Das westdeutsche Abschieberegime entstand im Kontext der Problematisierung von People of Color, die seit 1950 in die Bundesrepublik einreisten, um dort ein Studium oder eine Ausbildung aufzunehmen. Die junge Republik lud Menschen aus sich dekolonisierenden Ländern zunächst ein, um sich von der Rassenideologie des National- sozialismus zu distanzieren und sich gegenüber dem Sozialismus zu profilieren. Dabei bestand jedoch weiterhin die im Kern völkische Prämisse, dass People of Color nicht langfristig bleiben sollten. Die Herstellung ihrer Rückführbarkeit manifestierte sich in der Rechts-, Verwaltungs- und Betreuungspraxis lokaler Behörden und Wohlfahrtsverbände, wodurch diese Prämisse in das Ausländergesetz von 1965 einging. Das Gesetz machte insbesondere »außereuropäische« Migrant*innen abschiebbar, denen es pauschal kriminelle Täuschungsabsichten und extremistische Politisierung unterstellte. Es verrechtlichte zudem eine pseudomoralische Rückkehrpflicht von People of Color unter Verweis auf ihren Entwicklungsauftrag in den Herkunftsländern und auf tradierte Geschlechterrollen. Diese Normen waren in der Bundesrepublik permanent abrufbar und wurden sukzessive auf andere Migrant*innen angewandt.
In the 1980s, when computers became affordable for private households, a hacker or cracking scene, which was the term used by members of this subculture, developed in several western and northwestern European countries. These (almost exclusively male) groups of adolescents ‘cracked’, copied and exchanged computer games. On the basis of magazines and published interviews with former members of this scene, this article shows how cracking became an important current in the broad spectrum of teenage subculture – with specific ethical codes and rituals of masculinity. Its members were by no means lone specialists who eschewed contact with the outside world, but rather developed their own forms of community and communication. This scene did not construe itself as a political counter-culture; it was rather part of the diversifying popular and consumer culture of the 1980s. In the early 1990s, when law enforcing agencies began to prosecute software piracy more resolutely, this computer subculture began to fade. However, it lived on in the field of computer graphics, in electronic music and in the growing IT sector.
Access Activism. The Politicization of Wheelchairs and Wheelchair Users in the Twentieth Century
(2022)
For millions of disabled people around the world the wheelchair has been one of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century. From its inception as a relatively cumbersome, heavy machine, designed principally for indoor use, the wheelchair has evolved into a sophisticated and highly technical mode of transport. Wheelchairs are, at least in the Global North, relatively widely used and universally recognizable – so recognizable that they have become the cultural symbol to represent all disabled people. Wheelchairs are often viewed with trepidation: as machines that disable, confine, and deprive their occupant of independence – as medical devices that doctors prescribe only to the sick, the wounded or the elderly. Such definitions and perceptions infiltrate the public lives of wheelchair users, cause considerable macro and micro political difficulties, and consequently disable users in a myriad of different ways.
Um Genaueres über die friedliche Revolution in der DDR zu erfahren, muss man nicht lange in Büchern suchen; für viele Fragen reicht der schnelle Klick ins Internet. Sofort stößt man auf eine Reihe deutschsprachiger Themenportale, die auf hohem Niveau Auskunft geben – sowohl über die Chronologie der Ereignisse vom Herbst 1989 in der DDR als auch über die Faktoren, die zum Umbruch führten. Einige dieser Portale bieten sogar eine große Fülle an Bildern und Dokumenten. Hier zusätzlich fremdsprachige Internetportale zu bemühen ist nicht unbedingt erforderlich.
Narratives of Indian responses to the British Empire are usually structured around the ‘national movement’. This essay attempts instead to understand some of the psycho-social and psycho-political dynamics of a colonised society in the first half of the twentieth century. It takes a strategically subjectivist view of the British Indian empire in attempting to approach the subject not from the perspective of retrospective scholarly work, but from perspectives that can be seen to have been relevant to those who experienced that empire. In doing so, it also decentres the national paradigm, which merely reifies the category ‘Indian’, without enabling us to get any closer to non-elite figures, or indeed to relatively elite figures who did not belong adequately in the ‘national movement’. This narrative, therefore, tries to address some of the perspectives of marginal figures and groups, to the extent this is possible, while acknowledging that an Alltagsgeschichte of the British Indian Empire remains to be written.