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Northeim is a town on the Leine River situated in the hilly region of Lower Saxony between Hildesheim and Göttingen; to historians it is known as the location of William Sheridan Allen’s path-breaking study of the Nazi Machtergreifung. The book was based on a 1962 dissertation at the University of Minnesota, and Allen first published it while at the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1965. Within two years, it appeared in England and was translated into German and French. Allen had settled at the State University of New York in Buffalo by the time I read the second, revised edition (New York 1984), which I used to write this review. In the forty years since its publication, Allen’s readable history became a standard for undergraduates in North America; and his microhistory of the Machtergreifung has been replicated in most German localities. A number of American scholars in particular have followed in Allen’s footsteps: Peter Fritzsche, David Imhoof, Rudy Koshar, and others, including myself. Part of the reason for the interest of American doctoral students in German Mittelstädte is, of course, pragmatic. When one has limited time and money for a research trip abroad, it seems reasonable to select for study an ‘überschaubare’ provincial town. The peculiarities of American culture is surely another reason that historians from the United States look for the German equivalent of ‘middle America’ in what Mack Walker called ‘German home towns’.1 But in the end, German historians from many countries, including Germany, have adopted Allen’s method because close investigations of events ‘on the ground’ offer a necessary balance to modern German histories ‘writ large’.
This article examines the rise of aeromobile sprawl, which is defined here as aviation’s socio-environmental impact on people, places, and things, in Canada during the 1970s. It links aeromobile sprawl largely to state-led airport development and the effect that upgrading, expanding, and building new airports had on communities and landscapes. Accordingly, it shows that while aeromobile sprawl was to some extent an outcome of postwar developments not limited to aviation, the Canadian government and its partners also contributed to sprawl by endorsing various policies and strategies that shifted over the period in question. At the same time, these actions did not go unnoticed. Public critiques of aeromobile sprawl emerged as people increasingly objected to larger and busier airports operating near populated and non-industrial areas. This article demonstrates that debates in Canada about airport development and the rapid growth of aviation revealed sharply diverging views about how to best accommodate the mobility requirements of mass air travel within the country’s natural and built environments in the 1970s.
Access Activism. The Politicization of Wheelchairs and Wheelchair Users in the Twentieth Century
(2022)
For millions of disabled people around the world the wheelchair has been one of the most important technological innovations of the twentieth century. From its inception as a relatively cumbersome, heavy machine, designed principally for indoor use, the wheelchair has evolved into a sophisticated and highly technical mode of transport. Wheelchairs are, at least in the Global North, relatively widely used and universally recognizable – so recognizable that they have become the cultural symbol to represent all disabled people. Wheelchairs are often viewed with trepidation: as machines that disable, confine, and deprive their occupant of independence – as medical devices that doctors prescribe only to the sick, the wounded or the elderly. Such definitions and perceptions infiltrate the public lives of wheelchair users, cause considerable macro and micro political difficulties, and consequently disable users in a myriad of different ways.
“Religion, Tugend, Moral und Sittsamkeit sind die Grundpfeiler, auf welchen das große, colossale Gebäude der gesamten Interessen der Nation ruht, und werden diese erschüttert, so stürzt das Gebäude zusammen,” Dieser Satz ist nicht etwa dem Leserbrief eines um das Wohl der Staates besorgten Bürgers, der Denkschrift eines Stadtrates oder einer Broschüre der im Dezember 1848 gegründeten “Inneren Mission” entnommen. Der Satz findet sich vielmehr in einer Petition der (wie sie sich selbst titulierten) “früheren Bordellbesitzer” vom 7, April 1848.
Die Geschichte der Revolution von 1848 ist auch eine Geschichte des Gegensatzes zwischen Stadt und Land, in Berliner Perspektive: zwischen Hauptstadt und Provinz. Zwar haben neuere Untersuchungen gezeigt, daß die Agrarbevölkerung keineswegs so konservativ war, wie die traditionelle Revolutionshistoriographie häufig annahm. Namentlich in Schlesien, im Rheinland, in der Pfalz, in den hessischen und den südwestdeutschen Mittelstaaten schlug die demokratische Bewegung auch auf dem Land kräftige Wurzeln. Aus der Sicht der Berliner Zeitgenossen und hier namentlich der demokratischen Bewegung war die „Provinz“ jedoch tiefschwarz. Dieser Eindruck halle durchaus seine Berechtigung. Denn die „rote“ Hauptstadt war gleichsam von einem Ring kleinerer „schwarzer“ Städte umgeben.
Die preußische Hauptstadt sei "sehr groß". Man könne "sich leicht verlaufen, so daß man weder Weg noch Steg weiß", mokierte sich wohl auch aufgrund eigener leidvoller erfahrungen der berühmte Historiker Jacob Burckhardt, 1839 aus dem beschaulichen Basel nach Berlin gekommen, um bei Leopold v. Ranke und Gustav Droysen Geschichte zu studieren.Auf andere wirkte die Preußenmetropole nicht so einschüchternd. Obwohl (oder:weil) Berlin im zweiten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts gleichsam "blitzschnell" in die erste Garnitur der größeren europäischen Hauptstädte aufstieg, mit altehrwürdigen Metropolen wie Wien gleichzog und andere wie Prag oder Rom in den Schatten stellte, äußerte Heinrich Heine, der mit der traditionsreichen kontinentaleuropäischen Metropole Paris wohl auch eine zu hohe Meßlatte ansetzte, 1822 verächtlich: "Berlin ist gar keine Stadt, sondern Berlin giebt bloß den Ort dazu her, wo sich eine Menge Menschen ... versammeln, denen der Ort ganz gleichgültig ist."