Zeithistorische Forschungen
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Fotografien haben für die historische Forschung zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Dienten sie vormals zumeist der Textillustration, werden sie inzwischen als eigenständige historische Quellen ernstgenommen. Die einschlägigen Publikationen, die sich entweder theoretisch mit der Visual History auseinandersetzen oder aber an konkreten Beispielen sich bildhafter Quellen annehmen, sind kaum mehr zu überblicken. Eine Gemeinsamkeit ist dabei: Nicht mehr nur der Bildinhalt spielt für die Geschichtswissenschaft eine Rolle; gefragt wird auch nach dem Entstehungskontext, der Überlieferung und der Rezeption der Bilder. Damit gerät zugleich die bisher übliche Aufbewahrungspraxis der Fotografien im Archiv in den Fokus: Die meist thematische Ordnung der Materialien lässt häufig keine Rückschlüsse auf diese neuen Fragen zu.
Modeled after the Soviet propaganda magazine SSSR na stroike (›USSR in Construction‹, published 1930–1941, 1949), the Japanese overseas propaganda photo magazine FRONT (1942–1945) provided visual propaganda for the so-called ›Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere‹, a concept that was proclaimed in 1940 and served to disguise Japan’s quest for hegemony in Asia. Employing the aesthetics of Russian Constructivism and Socialist Realism of SSSR na stroike, FRONT created a visual aesthetic that could be termed Japanese Co-Prosperity Realism. Its dynamic and modernistic design was a transculturally inspired practice by Japanese photographers, graphic designers, journalists and producers of visual media, some of whom had been left-wing intellectuals or had lived and worked in the Soviet Union. In a comparative perspective, this paper carves out the political, cultural and gendered semantics of the (in)visibility of power, political religion and ethnic diversity that such aesthetics entailed. It explores some of the shifting backgrounds against which photographic techniques were enacted, from their avant-garde beginnings to their application in authoritarian regimes.
In 1967, an exhibition opened in East Berlin that proposed, through an overload of images, to unite the histories of the Soviet Union and the GDR, and to confront international photography exhibitions produced in the United States and West Germany. More than the design principles and methods of this show, entitled Vom Glück des Menschen or On the Happiness of People, directly connect it with Edward Steichen’s The Family of Man exhibition, first presented at MoMA in New York in 1953. Its original title was in fact The Socialist Family of Man, and its designers addressed Steichen’s show directly with a scathing critique that echoes the critical discourse in general around The Family of Man. Ultimately, and despite the acknowledged relationship of the exhibition to its Western model, Vom Glück des Menschen also departed from it, crafting a narrative through photographs specifically designed for a socialist society under construction.