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Kämpfe um Rückführungen prägen das europäische Grenzregime des 21. Jahrhunderts. Wie wir mit dem Konzept der Rückführbarkeit (Returnability) herausarbeiten, kommen dabei »sanfte« Instrumente der sogenannten Rückkehrförderung ebenso zum Einsatz wie gewaltsame Abschiebungen. Diese werden von migrantischen Widerständen herausgefordert. Zentrale Auseinandersetzungen in diesem Rückführungsregime analysieren wir im Zentrum der Europäischen Union und an ihren Rändern: Für Deutschland betrachten wir am Beispiel der bayerischen »Anker-Zentren« die Mikrophysik der Macht in Sammelunterkünften, Rückkehrberatung und Abschiebevollzug. Für Tunesien zeigen wir, wie staatliche Instrumente der Inhaftierung und Abschiebung durch internationale Programme und informelle Praktiken zur Unterstützung »freiwilliger Rückkehr« ergänzt werden. Unsere sozialwissenschaftliche Untersuchung stützt sich auf teilnehmende Beobachtungen, Interviews und schriftliche Quellen. Zeithistorisch bezieht sie die administrativen, diskursiven und politischen Voraussetzungen des heutigen Grenzregimes ebenso mit ein wie die migrantischen Handlungsspielräume und Widerstandspraktiken.
Struggles over returns characterize the European border regime of the 21st century. In this article, we introduce the concept of returnability in order to grasp the interaction of ›soft‹ instruments of seemingly voluntary return assistance as well as state-enforced deportations. Both are challenged by migrant resistance. We analyze central conflicts in this return regime in the center of the European Union and at its margins: In the case of Germany, we look at the microphysics of power of camps, return counseling, and deportation enforcement with particular reference to Bavarian ›anchor centers‹. In the case of Tunisia, we show how state instruments of detention and deportation are complemented by international programs and informal practices supporting so-called voluntary returns. Our empirical investigation draws on participant observation, interviews, and written sources. From a contemporary history perspective, it incorporates the administrative, discursive, and political preconditions of today’s transnational border regime, giving consideration also to migrant agency and resistance practices.
At the beginning of the 20th century population growth, urbanisation and housing shortage were challenges throughout Europe. Consequently, epidemics and even pandemics were common. However, during the same era, significant advances in medicine occurred, leading in more effective vaccines, antibiotics, and chemicals against vermin. Moreover, healthy lifestyle was promoted via campaigns, including educational posters. Simultaneously, the concept of the new, modern citizen evolved. In our research project, we analyse and compare Finnish, German and Soviet posters educating citizens in improving their everyday habits, living environments and, in the end, their health. Our aim is to find out, what were the methods and means of the visual health education of the 20th century, and what kind of ideals were pictured in health promotion posters.