940 Geschichte Europas
Der Zweite Weltkrieg ist bis heute in der deutschen und europäischen Erinnerungskultur präsent und wird auf individueller wie kollektiver, medialer Ebene mit ganz bestimmten Bildern assoziiert. Auf deutscher Seite waren vor allem die Propagandakompanien (PK) der Wehrmacht die wichtigsten Bildlieferanten zeitgenössischer Medien. Ihre Fotografien durchliefen eine doppelte Zensur: eine militärische sowie die durch das Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda (RMVP). Die PK-Fotografen waren aber zumeist aufgrund ihrer Ausbildung, oft auch ihrer ideologischen Prägung nach, in ihrer fotografischen Praxis darauf ausgerichtet, vom Regime gewünschte Bildvorstellungen umzusetzen.
Zur Transformation von Häftlingen in Überlebende gehörte schon 1945 eine spezifische Visualität als KZ-Überlebende: Ihre Berichte gewannen mit den Fotografien und Zeichnungen an Glaubwürdigkeit und letztlich Bedeutung. Welche Motive und Sujets gehörten zu dieser Identitätssuche der Überlebenden? Meistens nutzten ehemalige Häftlinge die Bilder der alliierten Befreier, die eine spezifische Auffinde-Situation der Lager bei Kriegsende zeigten.
The article traces the collective term “living history” in its various definitions, forms and manifestations, offering an overview of this widespread phenomenon. It will consider developments in the United States and Europe, as well as taking a look at historical precursors of present-day forms. Whereas living history in the Anglo-American world has long been a well-established part of the educational and cultural work of museums, in Germany there is still a great deal of skepticism towards this form of historical representation. Finally, it asks how the fields of history and cultural studies might best engage with living history and which theoretical approaches exist for investigating and analyzing living history.
Awkward Object of Genocide: Vernacular Art and the Holocaust in and beyond Polish Ethnographic Museums was a initiative carried out at the Research Center for Memory Cultures at the Faculty of Polish Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, by a group of four scholar-curators. The original aim of the project was to explore public and private Polish ethnographic collections in search of art objects referring to, representing, or commenting on the Holocaust. In our project we propose that this unique genre of the visual document, which has received little attention in studies regarding the Holocaust so far, could offer new insights, as well as forge new arguments, different from those commonly employed in attempts to understand the experience and memory of the Holocaust in Polish provinces.
During the Holocaust 5.8 million people were killed; most of the victims did not leave behind any record that could help reconstruct their experience. While survivor history has been well studied in the last decades, how millions of voiceless victims experienced their persecutions has remained a terra incognita. Generally, while perpetrator history is well-documented, the voiceless victims’ perspective has resisted any form of documentation; their emotional and mental experiences conveyed through novels and memoirs have remained fragmented and they have often been dismissed as subjective and unreliable. Today Digital History and Digital Humanities offer new forms of inquiry and representations; they can unlock the emotional, mental, and physical realities which voiceless victims of the Holocaust or other genocides were forced to live in.
Das Lebensthema des Religionsphilosophen, Kulturhistorikers und Politikers Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923) war die „moderne Welt“. In den großen Neuordnungsdiskursen nach 1918 spielte er eine wichtige Rolle in den westeuropäischen, aber auch in den osteuropäischen Kulturtransfers. Gangolf Hübinger und Johannes Bent stellen sein spätes Hauptwerk „Der Historismus und seine Probleme“ vor und betonen die intellektuelle Bedeutung von Troeltsch sowohl für die Demokratiediskurse der ersten deutschen Republik als auch für die Frage nach der Orientierungskraft von „Geschichte“ für die moderne Gesellschaft, insbesondere für die „Europadiskurse“ des 20. Jahrhunderts.
At the beginning of the 20th century population growth, urbanisation and housing shortage were challenges throughout Europe. Consequently, epidemics and even pandemics were common. However, during the same era, significant advances in medicine occurred, leading in more effective vaccines, antibiotics, and chemicals against vermin. Moreover, healthy lifestyle was promoted via campaigns, including educational posters. Simultaneously, the concept of the new, modern citizen evolved. In our research project, we analyse and compare Finnish, German and Soviet posters educating citizens in improving their everyday habits, living environments and, in the end, their health. Our aim is to find out, what were the methods and means of the visual health education of the 20th century, and what kind of ideals were pictured in health promotion posters.