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Friedliches Auseinanderwachsen. Überlegungen zu einer Sozialgeschichte der Entspannung 1960–1980
(2007)
Der Artikel skizziert die politische, kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Gesellschaften Ost- und Westeuropas in der Ära der Entspannungspolitik. Die Hauptthese lautet, dass die diplomatische Annäherung der beiden Blöcke von einem gegenläufigen Auseinanderwachsen der west- und osteuropäischen Länder begleitet war. Während die westlichen Gesellschaften neue politische Aktionsmöglichkeiten in Form von sozialen Bewegungen erlebten, blieb dies im Osten wegen des Machtmonopols der kommunistischen Parteien unmöglich bzw. war mit weitaus größeren Schwierigkeiten verbunden. Auch neue (jugend)kulturelle Erscheinungsformen wie bestimmte Mode- und Musikströmungen konnten im Westen eine Normalität erreichen, die im Osten nicht möglich war. Die Wirtschaftskrise der 1970er-Jahre führte im Westen zu einem Ab- bzw. Umbau der fordistischen Produktionsweise, während die realsozialistischen Staaten an alten Strukturen festhielten. Während diese Trends der 1970er-Jahre heute fast teleologisch auf den Zusammenbruch des Kommunismus vorauszudeuten scheinen, war dies für die Zeitgenossen nicht der Fall. Im Gegenteil: Viele Beobachter sahen eine mögliche Konvergenz der beiden Systeme.
Art moves away from reality and invents something that maybe ultimately more accurate about the world than what a photograph can depict. - Howard Zinn, Artists in Times of War, 2007 // In times of wars and conflicts, the words of Zinn have a deeper meaning. Through art visual dimensions and aspects can be explored that are often missing from written reports or captured snapshots. This can be an image documentation or a reminder of how war shapes lives and places. In his set of etchings and triptych Der Krieg, the German artist and WWI veteran Otto Dix showed firsthand hellish visualizations of the horror he experienced as a front soldier. In response to the bombing of the Basque city of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, Pablo Picasso created a masterpiece – and perhaps his most famous work ever: Guernica (1937) was regarded by many art critics as one of the most moving and powerful artistic anti-war statements in history.
The Nazi occupation of large parts of Europe destroyed cities, towns, villages and entire landscapes. Every year on 10 of June, the French village of Oradour-sur-Glane commemorates the massacre that transformed the village into a scenery of ruins. The day has a resonance of death and horror in the Czech village of Lidice alike.
With the pictures of bombing, ruins, and death coming from Syria, Marwa Al-Sabouni looks at the role of architecture and planning in the protracted conflict. In a first-hand account from the war-ravaged city of Homs, she tells the story of her native city, illustrated by her own drawings and autobiography. The book consists of six chapters, or six battles, and brings together the role of politics of urban planning, heritage, forced displacement and refugee crisis. The foreword of the book is written by the British philosopher Sir Roger Scruton, followed by a preface to the new edition by the author, and an introduction. The final part of the book includes, in addition to notes and acknowledgement, a historical timeline with the main events in Syria’s modern history, and a discussion guide for a deeper understanding of the Syrian society.
“Legacy in Stone” is tantamount to a time machine back through Syria’s historical landscape: a scenery that cannot be experienced again. Bubriski’s black and white photographs are moving messages from the past, sent into a future that has not yet been resolved. Since March 2011, images of destruction, death and terror coming from Syria have been flooding news broadcasts and social media feeds. Kevin Bubriski’s photographs taken back in 2003 are testimonies of what once existed.
Protest is a form of expressing one’s opinions. It allows people who share the same view(s) to rightfully assemble with others to voice complaints and ideas. Bubriski’s book, “Our Voices, Our Streets: American Protests 2001-2011”, looks back at that decade through photographs united by common denominators: the lens of the Hasselblad camera and the public stage of the American streets.
As a photographer, artist and expert in geopolitics, Emeric Lhuisset has a remarkable understanding of human tragedies and areas of conflict. Through his projects in various areas of conflict he opposes the abridged representation of these tragedies; shows hidden aspects of wars; and invites us to re-think war through art. The work of Lhuisset takes up historical and political narratives in their context. The following two projects by Emeric Lhuisset recall tragedies and intervene in spaces where drastic events have taken place.
“Humans of Damascus” – The (Other) Art of Community (Building). An Interview with Rania Kataf
(2019)
In his inspiring book “The Art of Community”, Charles H. Vogl goes through the principles of belonging: initiation, boundaries, symbols, rituals, stories, temple and inner rings. These seven time-tested principles for emerging and connected communities could be applied entirely or in part, even to groups not physically or geographically connected. In other words, to communities interacting between real and virtual world, like “Humans of Damascus”.
In October 2016, Rania Kataf created a group on Facebook, that has rapidly grown beyond the seven ancient gates of the Syrian capital. Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world, has been for its strategic position a nexus of powers and influences coming from everywhere, and left their marks on the city.
Andree Kaiser (*1964) was trained as a photographer in Pankow, a district in East Berlin. He served a prison sentence in various detention centers of the State Security Service, commonly known as the Stasi, for his attempt to flee German Democratic Republic (DDR). Kaiser got out in 1986 as part of a prisoner release. He started his photojournalism career at Reuters in 1988 and afterward joined several agencies, which resulted in several assignments with travels to eastern European countries. Between 1991 and 1993 he conducted several reportages in Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia for Newsday (New York). His photos following the breakout of the war in former Yugoslavia had been featured in international exhibitions: “Faces of Sorrow: Agony in the Former Yugoslavia” at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, “Crimes of War” at the International Criminal Tribunal (The Hague), “Yougoslavie: Déchirures” at SIPA Press in Paris. Decades after the Bosnian War, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum hosted Andree Kaiser’s pictures coming from Syria. He went to Azaz, Bab al-Hawa, Asseharia to witness with his camera another war tragedy and another spectacle of horror.
Von Amerika nach Japan – und zurück. Die historischen Wurzeln und Transformationen des Toyotismus
(2010)
Dieser Artikel zeichnet aus wirtschaftshistorischer Perspektive nach, unter welchen Bedingungen sich das Produktionsmodell des Toyotismus in Japan herausgebildet hat. Gezeigt wird, dass der Toyotismus ursprünglich aus einer Hybridisierung des Ford-Systems hervorgegangen ist: Er beruht auf einer Mischung aus japanischen Innovationen, fordistischen bzw. tayloristischen Elementen und heterodoxen Managementlehren aus den USA. Es wird erklärt, was sich hinter den toyotistischen Managementkonzepten kanban, Just-in-time, kaizen etc. verbirgt und wie diese bei Toyota seit den 1950er-Jahren zur Anwendung gelangten. Für die Zeit ab 1980 wird analysiert, wie sich der frühere Wissenstransfer umkehrte: Nun waren es Amerikaner, die von Japan zu lernen versuchten und dortige Konzepte unter dem Schlagwort „Lean Production“ übernahmen. Ob der Toyotismus damit ein internationales Referenzmodell der Produktions- und Arbeitsorganisation darstellt, ist allerdings noch offen.